01/02/2025
In chemistry class, we usually learn about nuclear fusion and nuclear fission, and that iron (Fe) is the most stable nucleus. Lighter elements than iron undergo fusion, while heavier ones undergo fission. Yet, when we recall that about three minutes after the Big Bang, the universe consisted of roughly 75% hydrogen and 25% helium, a natural question arises: How were particles heavier than iron formed? And how is it that, here on Earth, we have even managed to create element 118, Oganesson, if only for the briefest moment?
The answer lies in high-energy physics. In a typical supernova explosion, temperatures soar to between 100 billion and 1 trillion Kelvin, creating conditions in which elements heavier than iron are forged in vast quantities. Considering that the current universe is still composed of about 88% hydrogen and 11% helium, it is truly remarkable—and even fortunate—that on a small planet like Earth we have discovered elements all the way up to Oganesson (118).
In fact, the heavier-than-iron elements primarily form terrestrial planets, and because of the presence of carbon, they provide far better conditions for the formation of organic molecules than gas giants like Jupiter. By sheer coincidence, this has given rise to a curious periodic table, one that enabled the birth of Earth—a planet full of diverse and thriving life.
Reflecting on the fact that our planet emerged under such rare and favorable conditions, I feel deep gratitude for the chance of existence. And I am reminded to live always with a sense of repayment to the universe, which has not only given rise to life, but also to the very environment in which we are able to study and explore it.
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